dc.contributor.author | Smith, Linda S. | en |
dc.date.accessioned | 2017-06-07T20:31:37Z | |
dc.date.available | 2017-06-07T20:31:37Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2003-06-15 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Smith, L. S. (2003). Reexamining age, race, site, and thermometer type as variables affecting temperature measurement in adults – A comparison study. BMC Nursing 2 (1). DOI: 10.1186/1472-6955-2-1. Retrieved from http://www.nursinglibrary.org/vhl/handle/10755/621459 | en |
dc.identifier.issn | 1472-6955 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10755/621459 | |
dc.description | <p>Thermometer devices and sheaths were donated by BD (mercury-in-glass) and RG Medical Diagnostics (Galinstan-in-glass). Funding for this investigation was received by the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) from two supporting sponsors: Geratherm Medical Diagnostic Systems and RG Medical Diagnostics. Funding requests were initiated by OHSU staff. Grant sources of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis/interpretation, or report writing.The principal investigator (manuscript author) formulated and implemented all aspects of this study and report.</p> | en |
dc.description.abstract | <p><strong>Background:</strong> As a result of the recent international vigilance regarding disease assessment, accurate measurement of body temperature has become increasingly important. Yet, trusted low-tech, portable mercury glass thermometers are no longer available. Thus, comparing accuracy of mercury-free thermometers with mercury devices is essential. Study purposes were 1) to examine age, race, site as variables affecting temperature measurement in adults, and 2) to compare clinical accuracy of low-tech Galinstan-in-glass device to mercury-in-glass at oral, axillary, groin, and rectal sites in adults.</p>
<p><strong>Methods:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Setting: 176 bed accredited healthcare facility, rural northwest US.</li>
<li>Participants: Convenience sample (N = 120) of hospitalized persons ≥ 18 years old.</li>
<li>Instruments: Temperatures (°F) measured at oral, skin (simultaneous), immediately followed by rectal sites with four each mercury-glass (BD) and Galinstan-glass (Geratherm) thermometers; 10 minute dwell times.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> Participants averaged 61.6 years (SD 17.9), 188 pounds (SD 55.3); 61% female; race: 85% White, 8.3% Native Am., 4.2% Hispanic, 1.7 % Asian, 0.8% Black. For both mercury and Galinstan-glass thermometers, within-subject temperature readings were highest rectally; followed by oral, then skin sites. Galinstan assessments demonstrated rectal sites 0.91°F > oral and <span class="stix">≅</span> 1.3°F > skin sites. Devices strongly correlated between and across sites. Site difference scores between devices showed greatest variability at skin sites; least at rectal site. 95% confidence intervals of difference scores by site (°F): oral (0.142 – 0.265), axilla (0.167 – 0.339), groin (0.037 – 0.321), and rectal (-0.111 – 0.111). Race correlated with age, temperature readings each site and device.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Temperature readings varied by age, race. Mercury readings correlated with Galinstan thermometer readings at all sites. Site mean differences between devices were considered clinically insignificant. Still considered the gold standard, mercury-glass thermometers may no longer be available worldwide. Therefore, mercury-free, environmentally safe low-tech Galinstan-in-glass may be an appropriate replacement. This is especially important as we face new, internationally transmitted diseases.</p> | en |
dc.description.sponsorship | Geratherm Medical Diagnostic Systems and RG Medical Diagnostics | en |
dc.format | Text-based Document | en |
dc.language.iso | en_US | en |
dc.publisher | BioMed Central Ltd | en |
dc.rights | Archived with thanks to BMC Nursing | en |
dc.subject | Body Temperature | en |
dc.subject | Thermometers | en |
dc.title | Reexamining age, race, site, and thermometer type as variables affecting temperature measurement in adults – A comparison study | en |
dc.type | Article | en |
dc.rights.holder | <p>
All rights reserved by the author(s) and/or publisher(s) listed in this item record unless relinquished in whole or part by a rights notation or a Creative Commons License present in this item record.
</p><p>
All permission requests should be directed accordingly and not to the Sigma Repository.
</p><p>
All submitting authors or publishers have affirmed that when using material in their work where they do not own copyright, they have obtained permission of the copyright holder prior to submission and the rights holder has been acknowledged as necessary.
</p> | en |
dc.description.note | <p>© 2003 Smith; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original URL. There are no changes in this article from the original posting.</p> | en |
dc.type.category | Full-text | en |
dc.evidence.level | Case Study/Series | en |
dc.research.approach | Quantitative Research | en |
dc.subject.cinahl | Body Temperature Determination | en |
dc.subject.cinahl | Body Temperature Determination--Evaluation | en |
dc.subject.cinahl | Body Temperature Determination--Methods | en |
dc.subject.cinahl | Body Temperature Determination--Methods--In Adulthood | en |
dc.subject.cinahl | Thermometers | en |
dc.contributor.department | Non-member | en |
dc.author.details | Linda S. Smith | en |
dc.type.version | Publisher's version | en |
dc.identifier.doi | https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6955-2-1 | |
dc.relation.url | http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6955-2-1 | |
dc.contributor.affiliation | Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA | en |
dc.description.reviewtype | External Review: Previously Published Material | en |
dc.description.acquisition | Indexed from External Source (Per Creative Commons License) | en |